IQ scores have been shown to be associated with such factors as nutrition, parental socioeconomic status, morbidity and mortality, parental social status, and perinatal environment. Unlike, for example, distance and mass, a concrete measure of intelligence cannot be achieved given the abstract nature of the concept of "intelligence". Scores from intelligence tests are estimates of intelligence. This results in approximately two-thirds of the population scoring between IQ 85 and IQ 115 and about 2.5 percent each above 130 and below 70. For modern IQ tests, the raw score is transformed to a normal distribution with mean 100 and standard deviation 15. The resulting fraction ( quotient) was multiplied by 100 to obtain the IQ score. Historically, IQ was a score obtained by dividing a person's mental age score, obtained by administering an intelligence test, by the person's chronological age, both expressed in terms of years and months. The abbreviation "IQ" was coined by the psychologist William Stern for the German term Intelligenzquotient, his term for a scoring method for intelligence tests at University of Breslau he advocated in a 1912 book. An intelligence quotient ( IQ) is a total score derived from a set of standardized tests or subtests designed to assess human intelligence.
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